Enrovet

Prevention from secondary bacterial infection.

Enrofloxacin is a bactericidal agent. The bactericidal activity of enrofloxacin is concentration dependent, with susceptible bacteria cell death occurring within 20–30 minutes of exposure. Enrofloxacin has demonstrated a significant post-antibiotic effect for both gram-negative and -positive bacteria and is active in both stationary and growth phases of bacterial replication.
Its mechanism of action is believed to act by inhibiting bacterial DNAgyrase (a type-II topoisomerase), thereby preventing DNA supercoiling and DNA synthesis.
Both enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin have similar spectrums of activity. These agents have good activity against many gram-negative bacilli and cocci, including most species and strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp., E. coli, Enterobacter, Campylobacter, Shigella, Salmonella, Aeromonas,
Haemophilus, Proteus, Yersinia, Serratia, and Vibrio species. Of the currently commercially available quinolones, ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin have the lowest MIC values for the majority of these pathogens treated. Other organisms that are generally susceptible include Brucella spp., Chlamydia trachomatis, Staphylococci (including penicillinase-producing and methicillin-resistant strains), Mycoplasma, and Mycobacterium spp. (not the etiologic agent for Johne’s Disease).
The fluoroquinolones have variable activity against most streptococci and are not usually recommended for use in these infections. These drugs have weak activity against most anaerobes and are ineffective in treating anaerobic infections.
Bacterial resistance development is an ongoing concern, as many isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are now resistant to enrofloxacin. Resistance occurs by mutation, particularly with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Acinetobacter and enterococci, but plasmid-mediated resistance is not thought to commonly occur.

The following drug interactions have either been reported or are theoretical in humans or animals receiving ciprofloxacin or enrofloxacin and may be of
significance in veterinary patients:
ANTACIDS/DAIRY PRODUCTS: Containing cations (Mg++, Al+++, Ca++) may bind to enrofloxacin and prevent its absorption; separate doses of these products by at least 2 hours
ANTIBIOTICS, OTHER (aminoglycosides, 3rd-generation cephalosporins, penicillins—extended-spectrum: Synergism may occur, but is not predictable against some bacteria (particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa) with these compounds. Although enrofloxacin/ciprofloxacin has minimal activity against anaerobes, in vitro synergy has been reported when used with clindamycin against strains of Peptostreptococcus, Lactobacillus and Bacteroides fragilis.
CYCLOSPORINE: Fluoroquinolones may exacerbate the nephrotoxicity and reduce the metabolism of cyclosporine (used systemically)
FLUNIXIN: Has been shown in dogs to increase the AUC and elimination half-life of enrofloxacin and enrofloxacin increases the AUC and elimination half-life of flunixin; it is unknown if other NSAIDs interact with enrofloxacin in dogs
GLYBURIDE: Severe hypoglycemia possible
IRON, ZINC (oral): Decreased enrofloxacin/ciprofloxacin absorption; separate doses by at least two hours
METHOTREXATE: Increased MTX levels possible with resultant toxicity
NITROFURANTOIN: May antagonize the antimicrobial activity of the fluoroquinolones and their concomitant use is not recommended
PHENYTOIN: Enrofloxacin/ciprofloxacin may alter phenytoin levels
PROBENECID: Blocks tubular secretion of ciprofloxacin and may increase its blood level and half-life
QUINIDINE: Increased risk for cardiotoxicity
SUCRALFATE: May inhibit absorption of enrofloxacin; separate doses of these drugs by at least 2 hours
THEOPHYLLINE: Enrofloxacin/ciprofloxacin may increase theophylline blood levels; in dogs theophylline levels may be increased by about 30-50 (Trepanier 2008).
WARFARIN: Potential for increased warfarin effects

With the exception of potential cartilage abnormalities in young animals (see
Contraindications above), the adverse effect profile of enrofloxacin is usually limited to GI distress (vomiting, anorexia). In dogs, rare incidences of elevated hepatic enzymes, ataxia, seizures, depression, lethargy, and nervousness have also been reported. Hypersensitivity reactions or crystalluria could potentially
occur.
In cats, rare incidences of ocular toxicity have been reported characterized by mydriasis, retinal degeneration, and blindness. These effects were generally seen at higher dosage ranges (>15 mg/kg) and have necessitated a reduction in dosage recommendations in cats to a maximum of 5 mg/kg/day. Other rare
adverse effects seen in cats may include: vomiting, anorexia, elevated hepatic enzymes, diarrhea, ataxia, seizures, depression/lethargy, vocalization, and aggression.
While enrofloxacin has been implicated in causing antibiotic-associated diarrhea/enterocolitis in horses, due its poor activity against anaerobes, oral or parenterally administered enrofloxacin appears to carry a low risk of causing
antibiotic-associated diarrhea.

It is unlikely an acute overdose in dogs with enrofloxacin would result in clinical signs more serious than either anorexia or vomiting, but the adverse effects noted above could occur. Dogs receiving 10X the labeled dosage rate of enrofloxacin for at least 14 days developed only vomiting and anorexia.
Death occurred in some dogs when fed 25 times the labeled rate for 11 days,
however.
In cats overdoses can be serious (blindness, seizures); 20 mg/kg or more can cause retinopathy and blindness which can be irreversible.
There were 322 exposures to enrofloxacin reported to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center (APCC) during 2008-2009. In these cases 301 were dogs with 85 showing clinical signs and the remaining 21 cases were cats with 6 showing clinical signs. Common findings in dogs recorded in decreasing frequency included vomiting, lethargy, seizures, anorexia, depression, and diarrhea. Findings in cats recorded in decreasing frequency included seizures and recumbency.

 Meat: 3 days 

Egg: Should not use in bird producing eggs for human consumption. 

Store below 30° C and dry place, protected from light. Keep all medicines out of reach of children